"adjust" <-
function(x, adjust = "right")
{
	nr <- nchar(x)
	mnr <- max(nr)
	blanks <- paste(character(mnr + 1.), collapse = " ")
	#        adj.no <- pmatrch(adjust,c("right","left","centre","center"))
	pad <- mnr - nr + 1.
	lpad <- switch(adjust,
		right = pad,
		left = rep(0., length(pad)) + 1.,
		centre = ,
		center = 1. + pad %/% 2.)
	rpad <- pad - lpad + 1.
	nm <- paste(substring(blanks, 1., lpad), x, substring(blanks, 1., rpad),
		sep = "")
	nm <- substring(nm, 2., mnr + 1.)
	names(nm) <- names(x)
	nm
}
"clear" <-
function(nrow, ncol)
{
	if(missing(nrow) || missing(ncol))
		mfrow <- unlist(par(mfrow = c(1., 1.)))
	else mfrow <- c(1., 1.)
	if(!missing(nrow))
		mfrow[1.] <- nrow
	if(!missing(ncol))
		mfrow[2.] <- ncol
	invisible(par(mfrow = mfrow))
}
"na.ignore" <-
function(frame)
frame
"percents" <-
function(tabl, denom, units = "%" ,pretty = T, print.denom = T)
{
	if(is.null(dim(tabl)) | (length(dim(tabl)) == 1)) 
		tabl <- array(tabl, c(1., length(tabl)), dimnames = list(NULL,
			names(tabl)))
	dim.tb <- dim(tabl)
        if (is.numeric(units)) { real.units <- units } else {
              real.units <- switch(units, "%"=100,"K"=1000,"10K"=1e4,
                                 "100K"=1e5,"M"=1e6,"10M"=1e7,"100M"=1e8,
                                  "B"=1e9) }
	if(missing(denom)) {
		tb.n <- sum(tabl)
		pcts <- (real.units * tabl)/tb.n 
		if(pretty | (!is.numeric(units))) {
			if (units !="%") units <- paste("/",units,sep="")
			if(print.denom) rep <- paste(adjust(paste(tabl, "/", tb.n, sep = ""), "right"), "(", format(round( pcts, 1.)), units, ")", sep = "") else rep <- paste(adjust(paste(tabl, sep = ""), "right"), "(", 
        format(round(pcts, 1.)), units,")", sep = "")
			if(!is.null(dim(tabl)))
				rep <- array(rep, dim = dim(tabl), dimnames = 
					dimnames(tabl))
			else rep <- array(rep, dim = length(tabl), dimnames = 
					list(names(tabl)))
			attr(rep, "class") <- c("table", "array")
		}
		else rep <- pcts
	}
	else {
		nms.tb <- dimnames(tabl)
		if(length(denom) == length(tabl)) {
	if(is.null(dim(denom)) | (length(dim(denom)) == 1)) denom <- array(denom, c(1., length(denom)), dimnames = list(NULL, names(denom))) 
			pcts <- (real.units * tabl)/denom
			if (!is.integer(denom)) denom <- round(denom,1)
			if(pretty | !is.numeric(units)) {
				if (units !="%") units <- paste("/",units,sep="")
				if(print.denom)

rep <- array(paste(adjust(paste(tabl, "/", denom, sep = ""), "right"),
"(", format(round(pcts, 1.)), units, ")", sep = ""), dim = dim.tb, dimnames = nms.tb)
				else rep <- array(paste(adjust(paste(tabl,
						sep = ""), "right"), "(", 
						format(round(pcts, 1.)), units,")",
						sep = ""), dim = dim.tb, 
						dimnames = nms.tb)
				attr(rep, "class") <- c("table", "array")
			}
			else rep <- pcts
		}
		else {
			tb.n <- apply(tabl, denom, sum)
			pcts <- real.units * sweep(tabl, denom, tb.n, "/")
			if(pretty) {
				tb.n <- sweep(array(1., dim = dim(tabl)), denom,
					tb.n, "*")
				mode(tb.n) <- "integer"
				if(print.denom)
					rep <- array(paste(adjust(paste(tabl,
						"/", tb.n, sep = ""), "right"),
						"(", format(round(pcts, 1.)),
						units, ")", sep = ""), dim = dim.tb,
						dimnames = nms.tb)
				else rep <- array(paste(adjust(paste(tabl,
						sep = ""), "right"), "(", 
						format(round(pcts, 1.)),units, ")",
						sep = ""), dim = dim.tb, 
						dimnames = nms.tb)
				attr(rep, "class") <- c("table", "array")
			}
			else rep <- pcts
		}
	}
	rep
}
"prelim.plot" <-
function(formula, data, subset, na.action = na.ignore, smooth = T, plot.resp = 
	T, clear.screen = T, flip = F)
{
	call <- match.call()
	m <- match.call(expand = F)
	m$plot.resp <- m$clear.screen <- m$smooth <- m$flip <- NULL
	m$na.action <- na.action
	m[[1.]] <- as.name("model.frame")
	m <- eval(m, sys.parent())
	Terms <- attr(m, "terms")
	y.col <- attr(Terms, "response")
	y <- m[[y.col]]
	y.name <- names(m)[y.col]
	y.class <- attr(y, "class")
	predictors <- names(m)[ - y.col]
	if(clear.screen)
		clear()
	if(plot.resp) {
		if(is.factor(y))
			barplot(table(y), xlab = "Count", main = y.name)
		else if(!is.null(y.class))
			if(y.class == "Surv")
				plot(survfit(y ~ 1))
			else hist(y, main = y.name, xlab = y.name)
	}
	for(term in predictors) {
		xv <- m[, term]
		if(flip)
			quick.plot(y, xv, y.name, term, smooth)
		else quick.plot(xv, y, term, y.name, smooth)
	}
	invisible()
}
"quick.plot" <-
function(x, y, xname="x", yname="y", smooth = F)
{
	y.class <- attr(y, "class")
	if(is.factor(x)) {
		if(is.factor(y)) {
			mt <- paste(yname, "by", xname)
			tab <- percents(table(x, y), 1, pretty = F)
			dotchart(tab, group = array.index(tab, 1), 
                        labels = as.character(array.index(tab, 2)), 
                        xlim = c(0., 100.), main = mt,xlab="Percent")
			return(invisible())
		}
		if(!is.null(y.class))
			if((y.class == "Surv")) {
				plot(survfit(y ~ x), xlab = xname,
                                  lty=seq(along=levels(x)))
                                legend("bottomleft", lty=seq(along=levels(x)),
                                        levels(x))
				return(invisible())
			}
		mt <- paste(yname, "vs.", xname)
		ns <- table(x[!is.na(y)])
		boxplot(split(y, x), main = mt, xlab = xname, ylab = 
			yname)
                xs <- 1:length(unique(x))
		usr <- par()$usr
		cex <- par()$cex
		text(xs, usr[4.] + (usr[4.] - usr[3.])/20., paste("n=", ns),
			cex = cex)
	}
	else {
		if(is.factor(y)) {
			mt <- paste(yname, "vs.", xname)
			boxplot(split(x,y),horizontal=TRUE,xlab="",ylab="")
#                        cat.smooth(x,y)
                        title(main = mt, xlab = xname, ylab = yname)
			return(invisible())
		}
		if(!is.null(y.class))
			if(y.class == "Surv") {
				gp.x <- qcut(x)
				plot(survfit(y ~ gp.x), 
                                  lty=seq(along=levels(gp.x)), xlab = xname)
                                legend("bottomleft", lty=seq(along=levels(gp.x)),
                                        levels(gp.x))
				return(invisible())
			}
		mt <- paste(yname, "vs.", xname)
		plot(x, y, ylab = yname, main = mt, xlab = xname)
		if(smooth) {
			kp <- !(is.na(x) | is.na(y))
			lines(supsmu(x[kp], y[kp]))
		}
	}
	invisible()
}
uniplot <- function(data, labels = dimnames(data)[[2.]], ...) {
	num.var <- dim(data)[2.]
	if(!is.character(labels))
		stop("labels must be a character vector")
	if(!is.null(names(labels)))
		labels <- labels[dimnames(data)[[2.]]]
	for(i in seq(length = num.var)) {
		var <- data[, i]
		var <- var[!is.na(var)]
		if(is.factor(var)) {
			tb <- table(var)
			barplot(tb, xlab = "", main=labels[i] , ...)
		}
		else hist(var, xlab = labels[i],main=labels[i])
	}
	invisible()
}